Some medical illustrations done by

DaCross Services

This page contains a list of published text books and scientific articles to which David Crossley has contributed, plus a small number of diagrams (one with a short piece of related text) to demonstrathe some of the work done by DaCross Services.

An early stage of primary tooth development

This diagram (© D. A. Crossley) was used in the Manual of Small Animal Dentistry (Editors: David A. Crossley and Susanna Penman) published by the British Samll Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham, UK in 1996.

The basic structure of a two rooted dog premolar tooth

Versions of this picture (© P.R. Hennet and D.A. Crossley) have been used to illustrate lectures and a number of eductaional texts including the Manual of Small Animal Dentistry (Editors: David A. Crossley and Susanna Penman) published by the British Samll Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham, UK in 1996.

Surgical extraction of the left maxillary canine tooth in a dog

Canine teeth can be very difficult to extract as they are usually well anchored by their large roots. Extraction can be made easier by raising a large gingivo-mucoperiosteal and removing some bone before elevation is started.

The flap needs to extend from the middle of the diastema mesial (rostral) to the canine tooth to the distal (caudal) aspect of the second premolar tooth. A short releasing incision mesially (rostrally), combined with a long one distally, permits exposure of the bony lateral wall of the alveolus. Retention of the tooth can now be reduced and access to the periodontal ligament for elevation/luxation improved by releasing part of the alveolar bone. The illustration shows part of the lateral alveolar wall removed but this is not necessary providing the cuts in the bone are in the appropriate place and to the correct depth (i.e. into the periodontal ligament). In many cases it is only necessary to release bone to between one third and half the distance from the alveolar crest towards the root apex. The bone can be cut using either a low speed bur, irritgated with a sterile isotonic solution, or a sharp bone gouge/elevator/chisel.

Once the bone is released, careful use of dental elevators or luxators should quickly loosen the tooth so that it can be removed. It is important to avoid using instruments on the palatal aspect of the tooth as it is very easy to either directly penetrate the nasal cavity or tip the root apex. The safest approach is to use elevators as rotational levers (see below) placed longitudinally in the periodontal space alternately on the mesial and distal aspect of the tooth. If extraction still proves difficult, the lateral wall of the alveolus can be released all the way to the root apex permitting lateral elevation of the whole length of the tooth.

Any sharp edges of bone should be smoothed and the alveolus irrigated to remove debris before the soft tissue flap is closed and sutured.

Applying rotational leverage with a dental elevator or luxator

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Some books and articles containing text, photographs and illustrations
by David Crossley

Manual of Small Animal Dentistry, Second edition. 1996 BSAVA, Cheltenham, UK
Self-Assessment Colour Review of Small Mammals. 1997 Manson Publishing, London
Atlas de Odontologia en Pequenos Animales. 1998 Gras Edicions, Editores Medicos SA, Madrid
Clinical Dentistry of Rodents and Rabbits (Language: Japanese). 1999 Pharm Press Co Ltd, Japan
Self Assessment Colour Review of Veterinary Dentistry. 1999 Manson Publishing, London, UK
Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIII. 2000 WB Saunders, Philadelphia
Atlas of Veterinary Dental Radiology. 2000 Iowa State University Press
Manual of Exotic Pets, 4th edition. 2002 BSAVA, Cheltenham, UK
VCNA Exotic Animal Practice: Oral Biology, Dental and Beak Disordersas of Veterinary Dental Radiology. 2003 Saunders
Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery. 2004 Saunders St Louis
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dentistry. 2007 BSAVA, Cheltenham, UK

Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 1994, 12:3, 111-113
Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 1995, 12:4, 137-140
Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 1995, 12:4, 131-135
Veterinary Record, 1997, 141, 337-339
Journal of Small Animal Practice, 1998, 39, 385-389
UK Vet, 1999, 4:2, 54-59
Veterinary Record, 1999, 145, 585-586
Archives of Oral Biology, 2001, 46:10, 919-928
Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2001, 42:1, 12-19
UK Vet, 2001, 6:4, 13-19
UK Vet, 2001, 6:5, 87-94
VCNA, Exotic Animal Practice, 2003, 6:3, 506 + 629-659.

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