Lateral crossbite in a dog

Orthodontics

The assessment of orthodontic problems involves checking each segment of the jaw, not just the incisor teeth because, in many cases, what appears as a minor degree of discrepancy at the front of the mouth is caused by a more significant abnormality elsewhere. In other cases the incisors appear normal but there is a problem with the side teeth, as in the illustration above. In addition to physical examination, x-rays and study models will be required to allow a thorough assessment.

Taking an impression of a dog's teeth. Impressions are required of both jaws
so that dental models can be made. A bite registration impression
is also needed so that the models can be correctly aligned
and the dog's occlusion properly assessed

Whilst it is possible to perform major and complex orthodontic procedures in animals this can rarely be justified. The aim of treatment is to provide the animal with a comfortable, functional mouth. In painful or traumatic occlusions it may be justified to perform orthodontic treatment, in which case various types of mechanical device are used to move teeth into more appropriate positions. All such devices tend to trap food and fur, increasing plaque retention, so they necessitate extra thorough oral hygiene measures to minimise secondary periodontal disease. In many cases there is the option of preforming an alternative treatment that will give instantaneous and lifelong relief from problems associated with malocclusion, i.e. extraction or surgical crown reduction of one or more of the affected teeth.

Jaw length discrepancies are common. Here the mandibles are shorter than they should be
and the lower canine teeth were too close together and damaging the palate,
so they were surgically shortened, pulp capped and restored

As the vast majority of orthodontic problems are hereditary, it is advised that affected animals are neutered, particularly if treatment is to be performed because this can mask the problem. Neutering prevents the perpetuation of genetically based problem. If orthodontic treatment is performed in pedigree animals the breed society or other appropriate authority must be informed as the animal's conformation will be altered by the treatment. Showing an animal that has had a procedure which improves its appearance is an act of fraud unless permission to show the animal has been obtained from the regulating authority eg. for dogs in the UK, the Kennel Club.

During treatment with orthodontic appliances or dental splints these should be examined and cleaned at least twice daily throughout and after treatment. When screws, wires and elastics are in use frequent adjustments may also be required. Always follow veterinary instructions closely. Failure to do so may lead to pain, infection and irreversible damage, even loss of teeth or oronasal fistulation.

If in doubt, ask the vet!

Jaw length discrepancies are common.
In this cat not only is the left mandible is longer than the right,
but the canine tooth is also tipped forwards

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